OAS Deferral Breakeven for Canadians With $250K in Savings: Does Waiting Until 70 Actually Pay Off in 2026?
Key Takeaways
- 1Understanding oas deferral breakeven for canadians with $250k in savings: does waiting until 70 actually pay off in 2026? is crucial for financial success
- 2Professional guidance can save thousands in taxes and fees
- 3Early planning leads to better outcomes
- 4GTA residents have unique considerations for retirement planning
- 5Taking action now prevents costly mistakes later
Quick Summary
This article covers 5 key points about key takeaways, providing essential insights for informed decision-making.
Quick Answer
A 65-year-old Canadian with $250,000 in RRSP/TFSA savings who defers OAS to age 70 receives a 36% permanent increase — from $727.67/month (age 65) to $989.63/month (age 70) in 2026 dollars. The cost is forgoing approximately $43,660 in OAS payments over the 5-year deferral period. The breakeven age — where cumulative payments from the higher deferred amount overtake the cumulative payments from starting at 65 — falls between age 82 and 84, depending on tax rates and whether you bridge income from RRSP or TFSA. If you bridge from RRSP, the early withdrawals create taxable income that partially offsets the deferral benefit through tax drag, pushing the breakeven closer to 84. If you bridge from TFSA, the breakeven is closer to 82 because the bridge withdrawals are tax-free. For lower-income retirees who qualify for GIS, deferring OAS is almost always a bad idea — GIS is only available to those currently receiving OAS, and the income-tested clawback eliminates the deferral advantage. Average life expectancy for a 65-year-old Canadian is approximately 86 (male) to 89 (female) in 2026, meaning most healthy retirees will come out ahead by deferring.
Key Takeaways
- 1OAS deferral from 65 to 70 increases your monthly payment by 36% — from $727.67 to $989.63 in 2026 maximum rates. Each month of deferral adds 0.6% to the base amount, and the increase is permanent and indexed to inflation for life.
- 2The breakeven age on a pure cash-flow basis (ignoring taxes and investment returns) is approximately age 82 — you need to live past 82 to collect more total OAS dollars by deferring. When you factor in the tax drag of RRSP bridge withdrawals and the opportunity cost of depleting savings, the breakeven shifts to 83–84.
- 3Bridging with RRSP withdrawals during ages 65–69 creates taxable income that may trigger OAS clawback on other income, increase your marginal tax rate, and reduce income-tested benefits. Bridging with TFSA is cleaner — no tax consequences — but depletes your tax-free room permanently.
- 4GIS recipients should almost never defer OAS. You cannot collect GIS without first receiving OAS, so deferral means forgoing both OAS and GIS for the deferral period. The GIS loss ($0–$1,065/month for singles in 2026) dwarfs the 36% OAS increase.
- 5When combining OAS deferral with CPP deferral (both to age 70), the breakeven age remains similar (82–84), but the combined increase is substantial: CPP rises by 42% and OAS by 36%. The bridge period requires approximately $3,200–$3,500/month from savings to replace both income streams for 5 years — roughly $192,000–$210,000 from a $250,000 portfolio.
- 6Life expectancy is the dominant variable. A 65-year-old Canadian male has approximately a 55% chance of reaching 85, and a 65-year-old female has approximately a 65% chance. Family health history, chronic conditions, and lifestyle should weight the decision more heavily than any spreadsheet breakeven.
- 7The OAS recovery tax (clawback) in 2026 begins at $90,997 of net income. If deferring OAS to 70 pushes your age-70+ income above this threshold, the clawback reduces the benefit of deferral. Retirees with significant pension or RRIF income should model the clawback impact before deciding.
Quick Summary
This article covers 7 key points about key takeaways, providing essential insights for informed decision-making.
The Setup: 65 Years Old With $250K in RRSP and TFSA
This analysis uses a specific scenario: a 65-year-old Canadian resident (Ontario, for provincial tax calculations) with $250,000 split between an RRSP ($175,000) and a TFSA ($75,000). They have no employer pension. CPP is available but being considered for deferral as well. The question is whether to take OAS now at 65 or defer to 70 for the 36% permanent increase.
Retiree Profile
| Factor | Detail |
|---|---|
| Age | 65 |
| Province | Ontario |
| RRSP | $175,000 |
| TFSA | $75,000 |
| Employer pension | None |
| CPP entitlement at 65 | $900/month (below maximum) |
| 2026 maximum OAS at 65 | $727.67/month |
| 2026 maximum OAS at 70 (deferred) | $989.63/month (+36%) |
The central trade-off: take $727.67/month now, or forgo that income for 5 years and collect $989.63/month starting at 70. The difference is $261.96/month — but you lose approximately $43,660 in OAS payments during the deferral window. That lost income must come from somewhere, which is where your $250,000 in savings enters the equation.
The 36% OAS Increase: How the Math Works
OAS deferral adds 0.6% to your base payment for each month you delay past 65, up to a maximum of 60 months (age 70). The maximum enhancement is 36%. This increase is permanent — it applies for life and is indexed to inflation alongside the base OAS amount.
OAS Monthly Payment by Deferral Age (2026 Maximum Rates)
| Start Age | Enhancement | Monthly Payment | Annual Payment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | 0% | $727.67 | $8,732 |
| 66 | +7.2% | $780.07 | $9,361 |
| 67 | +14.4% | $832.45 | $9,989 |
| 68 | +21.6% | $884.85 | $10,618 |
| 69 | +28.8% | $937.25 | $11,247 |
| 70 | +36.0% | $989.63 | $11,876 |
Based on Q2 2026 maximum OAS payment of $727.67/month. Actual amounts depend on years of Canadian residence after age 18. Full OAS requires 40+ years of residence.
You Do Not Need to Defer to Exactly Age 70
Deferral is not all-or-nothing. You can start OAS at any month between 65 and 70. Deferring to age 67 gives you a 14.4% increase with only 2 years of forfeited payments — a shorter bridge period that may be more realistic for retirees with limited savings. The breakeven age for a 2-year deferral (to 67) is approximately 78–79, significantly earlier than the 82–84 for a full 5-year deferral.
The Breakeven Age: When Deferral Actually Pays Off
The breakeven calculation answers a simple question: at what age does the total amount of OAS received by the deferrer overtake the total received by the person who started at 65? Before that age, the early starter is ahead. After that age, the deferrer pulls ahead permanently.
Cumulative OAS Received: Take at 65 vs. Defer to 70
| Age | Cumulative: Start at 65 | Cumulative: Defer to 70 | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | $8,732 | $0 | −$8,732 |
| 67 | $26,196 | $0 | −$26,196 |
| 70 | $43,660 | $0 | −$43,660 |
| 72 | $61,124 | $23,751 | −$37,373 |
| 75 | $87,320 | $59,378 | −$27,942 |
| 78 | $113,516 | $95,006 | −$18,510 |
| 80 | $130,980 | $118,752 | −$12,228 |
| 82–83 | ~$156,000 | ~$156,000 | ≈ $0 (BREAKEVEN) |
| 85 | $174,640 | $178,127 | +$3,487 |
| 88 | $200,836 | $213,754 | +$12,918 |
| 90 | $218,300 | $237,503 | +$19,203 |
Pre-tax, nominal dollars, assuming 2% annual inflation indexing on both payment streams. The breakeven occurs between ages 82 and 83 on a simple cumulative basis.
On a pure cash-flow basis — ignoring taxes and investment returns — the breakeven is approximately age 82. But this is the simplest version of the calculation. The real breakeven shifts depending on two critical factors: the tax cost of your bridge strategy and the opportunity cost of depleting savings.
The Bridge Problem: Where Does Income Come From at 65–69?
If you defer OAS, you need to replace $727.67/month for 5 years. With $250,000 in savings, you have options — but each comes with a different tax consequence that shifts the breakeven age.
Bridge Option 1: RRSP Withdrawals
Drawing from the $175,000 RRSP to replace OAS income means withdrawing approximately $8,732/year (to match forfeited OAS). But RRSP withdrawals are fully taxable. If you also take CPP at 65 ($10,800/year), your combined income is $19,532 — generating a marginal tax rate of approximately 20–25% in Ontario.
The RRSP Bridge Tax Drag
To net $8,732/year from an RRSP at a 22% marginal rate, you need to withdraw approximately $11,195 gross. Over 5 years, the tax drag adds approximately $12,315 in total tax that you would not have paid if you had simply taken OAS at 65 (OAS itself is taxable, but the bridge withdrawal stacks on top of CPP income at a higher marginal rate). This tax drag pushes the breakeven from age 82 to approximately age 83–84.
There is a silver lining to the RRSP bridge strategy: drawing down your RRSP before age 71 (when mandatory RRIF conversion occurs) reduces the balance that generates forced minimum withdrawals later. This can lower your taxable income from age 72 onward, potentially reducing OAS clawback exposure in your 70s and 80s.
Bridge Option 2: TFSA Withdrawals
TFSA withdrawals are completely tax-free. Drawing $8,732/year from the $75,000 TFSA for 5 years costs $43,660 — no tax drag, no impact on income-tested benefits, no OAS clawback consequences. The TFSA bridge keeps the breakeven closer to the simple cash-flow age of 82.
The trade-off: depleting your TFSA removes tax-free growth capacity permanently. TFSA contribution room is restored the following year, but you lose the compounding on the withdrawn amount in the interim. For a retiree with $75,000 in TFSA earning 5% annually, the forgone growth over 5 years is approximately $9,500 — a real but modest cost compared to the RRSP tax drag.
Bridge Option 3: Blended Approach (Recommended for This Profile)
The optimal bridge for a retiree with $175,000 RRSP and $75,000 TFSA is typically a blend: draw enough from the RRSP each year to fill up the lowest tax brackets (particularly if income is low during the bridge years), and top up from the TFSA to avoid pushing into higher brackets. This approach balances RRSP drawdown (reducing future RRIF minimums) with TFSA tax-free flexibility.
Blended Bridge Strategy: Ages 65–69
| Income Source | Annual Amount | Tax Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| CPP (taken at 65) | $10,800 | Fully taxable |
| RRSP withdrawal (strategic drawdown) | $15,000 | Fully taxable |
| TFSA withdrawal (top-up as needed) | $4,200 | Tax-free |
| Total annual income | $30,000 | $25,800 taxable |
By withdrawing $15,000/year from the RRSP (more than the minimum OAS replacement), you accelerate the RRSP drawdown and reduce the future RRIF balance. The TFSA fills the gap to reach your target income.
The GIS Trap: Why Low-Income Retirees Should Never Defer OAS
The Guaranteed Income Supplement is available only to Canadians who are currently receiving OAS. If you defer OAS, you are automatically ineligible for GIS during the entire deferral period. For retirees whose income qualifies them for GIS payments, this makes deferral a catastrophic choice.
GIS + OAS Deferral = Almost Never Worth It
A single retiree qualifying for the maximum GIS ($1,065.47/month in Q2 2026) who defers OAS from 65 to 70 forfeits approximately $107,588 in combined OAS + GIS over the 5-year period. The 36% OAS increase at 70 adds only $261.96/month — it would take approximately 34 years to recover the lost GIS payments. That puts the breakeven at age 104. Even partial GIS entitlement (as little as $200/month) shifts the breakeven well past average life expectancy.
The GIS rule is the single most important screening question in any OAS deferral analysis. Before running any calculator or breakeven model, determine whether you or your spouse qualifies for GIS. If the answer is yes — or might be yes during any of the deferral years — the 36% increase is almost certainly not worth the trade-off.
OAS Clawback Interaction: Does the Higher Payment Get Clawed Back?
The OAS recovery tax (clawback) in 2026 begins when net income exceeds $90,997. Above that threshold, OAS is reduced by 15 cents for every dollar of income, and is fully eliminated at approximately $148,000 for retirees receiving the maximum amount.
For our $250,000-savings retiree with CPP of $10,800 and no employer pension, clawback is unlikely to be an issue — total income in the 70s and 80s will fall well below $90,997. But for retirees with defined benefit pensions, significant non-registered investment income, or large RRIF balances, the deferred OAS amount may push total income above the clawback threshold, reducing the net benefit of deferral.
OAS Clawback Impact at Different Income Levels (Age 70+)
| Net Income at 70 | OAS Clawback | Net OAS (Deferred) | Deferral Still Beneficial? |
|---|---|---|---|
| $40,000 | $0 | $989.63/mo | Yes — full benefit |
| $70,000 | $0 | $989.63/mo | Yes — full benefit |
| $95,000 | $600/year | $939.63/mo | Likely — reduced benefit |
| $120,000 | $4,350/year | $627.13/mo | Marginal — model carefully |
| $148,000+ | Full clawback | $0/mo | No — OAS fully eliminated |
The 2026 OAS clawback threshold is $90,997. The full clawback threshold for deferred OAS is approximately $148,000. If your post-70 income consistently exceeds $120,000, the deferral benefit is substantially reduced.
When CPP and OAS Deferral Combine: The Double-Deferral Bridge
The most aggressive deferral strategy delays both CPP and OAS to age 70. CPP increases by 8.4% per year of deferral past 65 (42% total at 70), while OAS increases by 7.2% per year (36% total at 70). Combined, this creates a substantial increase in guaranteed, inflation-indexed income — but the bridge cost is steep.
Double Deferral: Bridge Cost on $250K Savings
| Income Source at 65 | Take at 65 | Defer to 70 |
|---|---|---|
| CPP | $900/month | $0 (deferred) |
| OAS | $727.67/month | $0 (deferred) |
| Government income at 65 | $1,627.67/month | $0/month |
| Monthly bridge needed from savings | $0 | ~$2,500–$3,000 |
| 5-year bridge total from savings | $0 | $150,000–$180,000 |
Double Deferral Consumes Most of the $250K Portfolio
Bridging both CPP and OAS for 5 years requires approximately $150,000–$180,000 from savings (depending on target income and tax treatment). On a $250,000 portfolio, this leaves only $70,000–$100,000 after the bridge period. While the post-70 government income is substantially higher ($1,278/month CPP + $989.63/month OAS = $2,267.63/month vs. $1,627.67), the depleted savings leave less cushion for unexpected expenses, long-term care, or legacy goals. Double deferral on a $250,000 portfolio is aggressive and only appropriate for retirees in excellent health with modest spending needs.
Life Expectancy: The Variable That Dominates the Decision
Every breakeven analysis comes down to one uncertain variable: how long will you live? Statistics Canada data for 2026 shows that a 65-year-old Canadian has the following remaining life expectancy:
65-Year-Old Male
Average remaining life expectancy: ~21 years (to age 86). Probability of reaching 82 (breakeven): ~65%. Probability of reaching 85: ~55%. Probability of reaching 90: ~35%.
65-Year-Old Female
Average remaining life expectancy: ~24 years (to age 89). Probability of reaching 82 (breakeven): ~75%. Probability of reaching 85: ~65%. Probability of reaching 90: ~50%.
For a healthy 65-year-old with no serious chronic conditions, the probability of reaching the breakeven age of 82–84 is better than a coin flip — and substantially better for women. This makes deferral a statistically favourable bet for the majority of healthy retirees. However, statistics describe populations, not individuals. A 65-year-old with significant health issues (heart disease, cancer history, diabetes) may have a materially lower probability of reaching 82, making early OAS the better choice.
Decision Framework: When to Defer vs. When to Take OAS at 65
Defer OAS to 70 When:
- You are in good health with a family history of longevity
- You have sufficient savings (TFSA or low-tax RRSP withdrawals) to bridge the gap
- You do NOT qualify for GIS
- Your post-70 income will stay below the OAS clawback threshold ($90,997)
- You want to maximize guaranteed, inflation-indexed income for longevity protection
- You have a spouse who can provide income during the bridge period
Take OAS at 65 When:
- You qualify for GIS (or might qualify during any deferral year)
- You have significant health concerns that reduce life expectancy below 82
- Your savings are limited and you need the income immediately
- Your post-70 income will exceed the OAS clawback threshold, reducing the deferred benefit
- You have no other income source to bridge the 5-year gap
- You need OAS income to avoid drawing down savings that are already below your comfort level
The Bottom Line for a $250K-Savings Retiree
For a 65-year-old with $250,000 in RRSP/TFSA, no pension, and CPP available at 65, deferring OAS to 70 is a statistically sound decision if you are in good health and do not qualify for GIS. The 36% permanent increase provides meaningful longevity insurance — the guarantee that your income keeps up with inflation for life, even if you live to 95 or beyond.
The breakeven age of 82–84 is within reach for the majority of healthy 65-year-olds. The bridge strategy — drawing from a blend of RRSP and TFSA — is manageable on $250,000 in savings, particularly if only OAS (not CPP) is deferred. Double deferral of both CPP and OAS consumes too much of a $250,000 portfolio for most retirees and should only be considered by those with very modest spending needs.
The single biggest mistake is deferring OAS when you qualify for GIS. The lost GIS payments during the deferral period push the breakeven age past 100 — making deferral a guaranteed losing proposition for low-income retirees. Before running any OAS deferral calculator, the first question must always be: "Do I qualify for GIS?"
Frequently Asked Questions
Q:How much more OAS do you get by deferring to age 70?
A:Deferring OAS from 65 to 70 increases your monthly payment by 36%. In 2026, the maximum OAS payment at age 65 is $727.67/month ($8,732.04/year). At age 70, after the 36% enhancement, the maximum becomes $989.63/month ($11,875.56/year). That is an extra $261.96/month or $3,143.52/year — for life, indexed to inflation. The increase is 0.6% per month of deferral (7.2% per year), applied to whatever your base OAS amount would have been at 65. If you qualified for less than the maximum at 65 (due to fewer than 40 years of Canadian residence after age 18), the 36% increase applies to your reduced amount.
Q:What is the breakeven age for OAS deferral?
A:The breakeven age for OAS deferral from 65 to 70 is approximately 82 on a simple cash-flow basis — meaning you need to live past 82 for the cumulative higher payments to exceed the cumulative payments you would have received starting at 65. When you factor in taxes on RRSP bridge withdrawals, the breakeven shifts to approximately 83–84. If you invest the OAS payments received from age 65 at a modest real return, the breakeven extends slightly further. The precise breakeven depends on your marginal tax rate, the source of your bridge income (RRSP vs. TFSA vs. non-registered), and whether the deferred OAS triggers or worsens OAS clawback after age 70.
Q:Can you collect GIS if you defer OAS?
A:No. The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) is only available to Canadians who are currently receiving OAS. If you defer OAS, you cannot collect GIS during the deferral period. For a single retiree who qualifies for the maximum GIS ($1,065.47/month in Q2 2026), deferring OAS from 65 to 70 means forgoing both OAS ($727.67/month) and GIS ($1,065.47/month) — a combined loss of $1,793.14/month or $107,588 over 5 years. The 36% OAS increase at 70 adds only $261.96/month. It would take approximately 34 years of the higher OAS amount to recover the lost GIS — making deferral effectively never break even for GIS-eligible retirees.
Q:Should I defer both CPP and OAS to age 70?
A:Deferring both CPP (from 65 to 70: +42%) and OAS (from 65 to 70: +36%) maximizes your guaranteed, inflation-indexed retirement income but requires bridging approximately $3,200–$3,500/month from savings for 5 years. On a $250,000 portfolio, this consumes roughly $192,000–$210,000 — leaving only $40,000–$58,000 in remaining savings. The combined deferral makes sense if: (1) you have enough savings to bridge comfortably without depleting your emergency reserve, (2) you are in good health with a reasonable expectation of living past 83–84, and (3) the bridge withdrawals do not push you into a significantly higher tax bracket or trigger benefit clawbacks. If the bridge would deplete your savings below a comfortable emergency level, consider deferring only one — CPP deferral typically offers a slightly better return than OAS deferral because the CPP increase is 42% vs. 36%.
Q:Does OAS deferral make sense if I have a pension?
A:It depends on the pension amount and your total retirement income. If a defined benefit pension plus other income already puts you near or above the OAS clawback threshold ($90,997 in 2026), deferring OAS increases your post-70 income and may push more of it into clawback territory — reducing the net benefit of deferral. However, if deferring OAS allows you to delay RRIF withdrawals or reduce RRSP drawdowns during ages 65–69 (keeping income lower in those years), the tax savings during the bridge period can partially offset the clawback. Model both scenarios: total after-tax income from 65 to 90 with and without deferral, including the impact on OAS clawback, income-tested provincial benefits, and the timing of RRIF conversions at age 71.
Q:Is the OAS deferral increase indexed to inflation?
A:Yes. The 36% increase from deferring OAS to age 70 is applied to your base OAS amount, and the resulting higher payment is then adjusted quarterly for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI), just like the standard OAS payment. This means the deferral benefit compounds with inflation over time. In a 2% annual inflation environment, the $261.96/month advantage at age 70 grows to approximately $319/month by age 80 and $389/month by age 90 — in nominal terms. The inflation indexing is one of the key advantages of OAS deferral over private annuities, which typically are not indexed.
Question: How much more OAS do you get by deferring to age 70?
Answer: Deferring OAS from 65 to 70 increases your monthly payment by 36%. In 2026, the maximum OAS payment at age 65 is $727.67/month ($8,732.04/year). At age 70, after the 36% enhancement, the maximum becomes $989.63/month ($11,875.56/year). That is an extra $261.96/month or $3,143.52/year — for life, indexed to inflation. The increase is 0.6% per month of deferral (7.2% per year), applied to whatever your base OAS amount would have been at 65. If you qualified for less than the maximum at 65 (due to fewer than 40 years of Canadian residence after age 18), the 36% increase applies to your reduced amount.
Question: What is the breakeven age for OAS deferral?
Answer: The breakeven age for OAS deferral from 65 to 70 is approximately 82 on a simple cash-flow basis — meaning you need to live past 82 for the cumulative higher payments to exceed the cumulative payments you would have received starting at 65. When you factor in taxes on RRSP bridge withdrawals, the breakeven shifts to approximately 83–84. If you invest the OAS payments received from age 65 at a modest real return, the breakeven extends slightly further. The precise breakeven depends on your marginal tax rate, the source of your bridge income (RRSP vs. TFSA vs. non-registered), and whether the deferred OAS triggers or worsens OAS clawback after age 70.
Question: Can you collect GIS if you defer OAS?
Answer: No. The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) is only available to Canadians who are currently receiving OAS. If you defer OAS, you cannot collect GIS during the deferral period. For a single retiree who qualifies for the maximum GIS ($1,065.47/month in Q2 2026), deferring OAS from 65 to 70 means forgoing both OAS ($727.67/month) and GIS ($1,065.47/month) — a combined loss of $1,793.14/month or $107,588 over 5 years. The 36% OAS increase at 70 adds only $261.96/month. It would take approximately 34 years of the higher OAS amount to recover the lost GIS — making deferral effectively never break even for GIS-eligible retirees.
Question: Should I defer both CPP and OAS to age 70?
Answer: Deferring both CPP (from 65 to 70: +42%) and OAS (from 65 to 70: +36%) maximizes your guaranteed, inflation-indexed retirement income but requires bridging approximately $3,200–$3,500/month from savings for 5 years. On a $250,000 portfolio, this consumes roughly $192,000–$210,000 — leaving only $40,000–$58,000 in remaining savings. The combined deferral makes sense if: (1) you have enough savings to bridge comfortably without depleting your emergency reserve, (2) you are in good health with a reasonable expectation of living past 83–84, and (3) the bridge withdrawals do not push you into a significantly higher tax bracket or trigger benefit clawbacks. If the bridge would deplete your savings below a comfortable emergency level, consider deferring only one — CPP deferral typically offers a slightly better return than OAS deferral because the CPP increase is 42% vs. 36%.
Question: Does OAS deferral make sense if I have a pension?
Answer: It depends on the pension amount and your total retirement income. If a defined benefit pension plus other income already puts you near or above the OAS clawback threshold ($90,997 in 2026), deferring OAS increases your post-70 income and may push more of it into clawback territory — reducing the net benefit of deferral. However, if deferring OAS allows you to delay RRIF withdrawals or reduce RRSP drawdowns during ages 65–69 (keeping income lower in those years), the tax savings during the bridge period can partially offset the clawback. Model both scenarios: total after-tax income from 65 to 90 with and without deferral, including the impact on OAS clawback, income-tested provincial benefits, and the timing of RRIF conversions at age 71.
Question: Is the OAS deferral increase indexed to inflation?
Answer: Yes. The 36% increase from deferring OAS to age 70 is applied to your base OAS amount, and the resulting higher payment is then adjusted quarterly for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI), just like the standard OAS payment. This means the deferral benefit compounds with inflation over time. In a 2% annual inflation environment, the $261.96/month advantage at age 70 grows to approximately $319/month by age 80 and $389/month by age 90 — in nominal terms. The inflation indexing is one of the key advantages of OAS deferral over private annuities, which typically are not indexed.
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